Changes for page The Existence of Race
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... ... @@ -1,21 +1,10 @@ 1 -Race is a social construct. 2 -\\By this standard everything is a social construct, oh you call your bone/meat things connected to your arms "hands", contrary to "hooves" or "paws", not like you can see any difference between them now can you? they are just social constructs you see an actual social construct are things like philosophy, mathematics, religion, the concept of value in worthless paper money etc names for real things are made up by humans ofc, it's not like some god came down and gave us the actual metaphysical "real" name for these things all taxonomical classifications is made up, hopefully to convey some meaning as all words of value do if the words are not used to differentiate between things then what use are they? the fact that you can tell differences in groups based solely on their physical traits already fits into taxonomy, you do understand that at the time of Carl von Linné taxonomy was done by eye only? right? the small differences used to claim different birds or what have you are different species or subspecies was entirely done by differentiating physical differences like colors or feather/fur length (not even bone structure) Race is real, it can easily be discerned even by children your kind like to play word games making a jumble out of everything in hopes of confusing reality to such an extent that nothing makes sense anymore 1 + 3 3 4 4 5 -[[https:~~/~~/archive.org/details/deniofmanoutlinraces00rich/page/320/mode/2up>>https://archive.org/details/deniofmanoutlinraces00rich/page/320/mode/2up]] 6 6 7 -[[https:~~/~~/archive.org/details/racialelementsof035485mbp/mode/2up>>https://archive.org/details/racialelementsof035485mbp/mode/2up]] 8 - 9 -[[https:~~/~~/www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#cover>>https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#cover]] 10 - 11 -[[https:~~/~~/web.archive.org/web/20120204035025/http:~~/~~/www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_rghrs.html>>https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035025/http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_rghrs.html]] 12 - 13 -[[https:~~/~~/web.archive.org/web/20080309141821/http:~~/~~/inverted-world.com/index.php/articles/articles/the_reality_of_racial_differences/>>https://web.archive.org/web/20080309141821/http://inverted-world.com/index.php/articles/articles/the_reality_of_racial_differences/]] 14 - 15 - 16 16 = Existence of Biological Races in Humans = 17 17 18 -Race (in biological context) refers to distinct population subgroups within a species – essentially synonymous with the term “subspecies” or “variety” in taxonomy.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=I should first explain my,thought to be separate species]]{{/footnote}} The question of whether human races exist biologically has been debated, but a substantial body of scientific evidence indicates that human populations are not all identical, and that meaningful biological differences and clusters exist among groups of common ancestry. This article examines the concept of human race as a biological reality, presenting genetic, morphological, and physiological evidence of human racial differences (beyond just skin color), as well as addressing common misconceptions. 7 +Race (in biological context) refers to distinct population subgroups within a species – essentially synonymous with the term “[[subspecies>>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies]]” or “variety” in taxonomy.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=I should first explain my,thought to be separate species]]{{/footnote}} The question of whether human races exist biologically has been debated, but a substantial body of scientific evidence indicates that human populations are not all identical, and that meaningful biological differences and clusters exist among groups of common ancestry. This article examines the concept of human race as a biological reality, presenting genetic, morphological, and physiological evidence of human racial differences (beyond just skin color), as well as addressing common misconceptions. 19 19 20 20 == Definition and Taxonomic Context of Race == 21 21 ... ... @@ -25,6 +25,50 @@ 25 25 26 26 Historically, physical anthropologists identified numerous human races based on clusters of inherited physical traits. Joseph Deniker (1900) and Hans F. K. Günther (1927), for instance, catalogued various races (or “racial elements”) in Europe and worldwide, distinguished by traits like skull shape, stature, facial form, hair texture, and pigmentation.{{footnote}}Hans F. K. Günther, *The Racial Elements of European History*, 1927. Available at: [[https://archive.org/stream/racialelementsof035485mbp/racialelementsof035485mbp_djvu.txt#:~:text=one%20or%20the%20other%20race,over%20the%20nape%20of%20the]]{{/footnote}} Such early classifications recognized, for example, a “Nordic race” in Northwest Europe – characterized by *tall stature, long heads (dolichocephalic), narrow faces, and light pigmentation* – versus a “Dinaric race” in the central European Alps with *shorter, broad skulls (brachycephalic) and broader faces*.{{footnote}}Hans F. K. Günther, *The Racial Elements of European History*, 1927. Available at: [[https://archive.org/stream/racialelementsof035485mbp/racialelementsof035485mbp_djvu.txt#:~:text=one%20or%20the%20other%20race,over%20the%20nape%20of%20the]]{{/footnote}} The fact that even pre-genetic era scientists could reliably identify geographically distinct human types underscores that human variation is non-random and structured, consistent with the existence of races. 27 27 17 +== Neanderthal Admixture and Its Implications for Human Racial Classification == 18 + 19 +The classification of Neanderthals as a separate species or subspecies from modern humans (*Homo sapiens*) has long been a subject of scientific debate. Traditionally, Neanderthals were considered a distinct species (*Homo neanderthalensis*) based on morphological differences in skeletal remains. These include features such as a more robust build, larger cranial capacity, prominent brow ridges, and a distinct facial structure. However, advances in paleogenetics and ancient DNA analysis have complicated this clear-cut distinction. 20 + 21 +=== Morphological Distinctions === 22 + 23 +Neanderthals exhibit several skeletal traits that differentiate them from anatomically modern humans, including: 24 + 25 +* Larger, elongated cranial vaults but with a more projecting midface. 26 +* Prominent supraorbital ridges (brow ridges). 27 +* Wider noses and larger nasal cavities. 28 +* Shorter, stockier limbs adapted for cold climates. 29 +* Robust overall skeletal morphology. 30 + 31 +While these differences are significant, they are not so drastic as to make Neanderthals unambiguously non-human. In fact, many of these features overlap with variation seen within modern human populations, particularly among certain archaic or robust groups. This phenotypic overlap complicates classification purely on morphological grounds.{{footnote}}Green, Richard E., et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome," *Science* 328(5979): 710–722 (2010). Available at: [[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1188021]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Prüfer, Kay, et al., "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains," *Nature* 505: 43–49 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12886]]{{/footnote}} 32 + 33 +=== Genetic Evidence and Interbreeding === 34 + 35 +A pivotal discovery in the early 21st century was the sequencing of Neanderthal nuclear DNA, which revealed that non-African modern humans carry approximately 1–4% Neanderthal-derived genetic material. This finding implies that Neanderthals and modern humans interbred after modern humans migrated out of Africa roughly 50–70 thousand years ago.{{footnote}}Green, Richard E., et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome," *Science* 328(5979): 710–722 (2010). Available at: [[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1188021]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Reich, David, et al., "Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania," *American Journal of Human Genetics* 89(4): 516–528 (2011). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(11)00364-2]]{{/footnote}} 36 + 37 +The presence of Neanderthal alleles in modern human genomes challenges the strict species boundary and suggests they were reproductively compatible, producing fertile offspring. This aligns with the biological species concept, which defines species by reproductive isolation. The gene flow indicates that Neanderthals might be better understood as a subspecies or a population within a broader species complex rather than a fully distinct species.{{footnote}}Pääbo, Svante, "The human condition—a molecular approach," *Cell* 157(1): 216–226 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00267-2]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Coyne, Jerry A. and H. Allen Orr, *Speciation*, Sinauer Associates, 2004.{{/footnote}} 38 + 39 +=== Implications for Racial Classification === 40 + 41 +The Neanderthal-modern human case provides a useful analogy for understanding race in modern humans: 42 + 43 +* **Gene flow and admixture blur species or subspecies boundaries**: Neanderthals had unique alleles prior to admixture, but those alleles became incorporated into modern human populations through interbreeding. Over time, this genetic mixing erased a clear genetic separation. 44 + 45 +* **Modern human races differ primarily in allele frequency distributions, not in unique alleles**: Similar to Neanderthals and modern humans, current human races do not have exclusive alleles absent in others, but rather differences in the relative frequencies of shared genetic variants, shaped by historical separation and partial reproductive isolation. 46 + 47 +* **Time scale matters**: Neanderthals diverged from modern humans hundreds of thousands of years ago and remained largely isolated until interbreeding events. Modern human racial groups diverged more recently (tens of thousands of years) with varying levels of gene flow. 48 + 49 +* **Morphological distinctions can overlap across groups**: Just as Neanderthal skeletal traits show overlap with modern humans, racial differences in morphology exhibit continuous variation without discrete boundaries. 50 + 51 +* **Classification is inherently a human decision based on criteria**: Whether Neanderthals are designated a species or subspecies depends on taxonomic philosophy, which applies similarly to how races are classified biologically. 52 + 53 +Thus, if the ability to interbreed and genetic continuity is key to species or subspecies designation, the absorption of Neanderthal alleles into modern humans reflects a collapse of their distinct classification. Similarly, modern races, while showing differences, exist within one species with partial but incomplete reproductive isolation. 54 + 55 +* Neanderthals exhibit notable but overlapping morphological differences from modern humans. 56 +* Genetic evidence confirms interbreeding and gene flow between Neanderthals and modern humans. 57 +* This admixture weakens the species boundary, supporting subspecies or population-level classification. 58 +* Modern human racial groups similarly show partial isolation with distinct allele frequencies, but no fully unique alleles. 59 +* The Neanderthal case underscores the complexities in classifying biological groups and supports viewing human races as meaningful, though not absolute, biological clusters. 60 + 28 28 == Genetic Evidence for Human Races == 29 29 30 30 With the advent of genetics, researchers can directly examine human population structure. Modern genomic studies have repeatedly found that human genetic variation is not a homogeneous blur, but rather clusters into discernible groups corresponding to traditional racial categories and geographic ancestry.{{footnote}}Jerry Coyne, "Once again: are 'races' social constructs without biological meaning?" *Why Evolution Is True* blog, July 19, 2022. Available at: [[https://whyevolutionistrue.com/2022/07/19/once-again-are-races-social-constructs-without-scientific-or-biological-meaning/#:~:text=,And%20Me%20stay%20in%20business]]{{/footnote}} Notably, in a landmark analysis of over 3,600 individuals from around the world, genetic clustering algorithms could sort people into distinct groups (clusters) that correspond almost perfectly to self-identified race/ethnicity. In that study, *over 99%* of individuals were genetically classified into the same group as their self-declared race (only 5 out of 3,636 were exceptions). Such findings directly refute the notion that race is purely arbitrary; instead, they show that an individual’s continental ancestry can be determined from DNA with over 99% accuracy in these samples.{{footnote}}Tang, Hua et al. *“Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies.”* American Journal of Human Genetics 76(2): 268–275 (2005) – (Found that genetic clusters correspond 99.86% with self-identified race in a US sample). Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707625786{{/footnote}} ... ... @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ 70 70 71 71 * *Muscle and Athletics:* There are well-known racial patterns in athletic performance that align with genetic ancestry. East African runners (particularly the Kalenjin tribe of Kenya and related groups in highland Kenya/Ethiopia) dominate world long-distance running, whereas West African-descended athletes excel in sprinting and explosive track events. For example, about 40% of top world-class middle- and long-distance runners have come from the Kalenjin (a Nilotic people who comprise only about 10% of Kenya’s population).{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=ancestors%20have%20been%20tending%20cattle,from%20just%20this%20one%20tribe]]{{/footnote}} Their success is often attributed to a mix of genetic, physiological, and cultural factors – including slim body morphology, high-altitude training environment, and perhaps evolutionary history of endurance activities.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=ancestors%20have%20been%20tending%20cattle,from%20just%20this%20one%20tribe]]{{/footnote}} In sprinting, virtually all Olympic 100m finalists for decades have been of West African descent, reflecting genetic predispositions for muscle fiber type and anaerobic power. While social factors play a role in sports, these patterns strongly suggest underlying biological differences in musculature and physiology between populations. Indeed, even within Africa, the contrast of body types is evident: “Elongated” Nilotic Africans (e.g. Kalenjin, Dinka) are exceptionally tall and tend toward endurance, whereas many West African groups have comparatively more musculature and power suited to sprinting and jumping. Such differences illustrate how human populations have specialized via evolution. 72 72 73 -* Growth and Development: Racial groups differ in rates of growth and maturation. On average, African-descended infants and children develop faster on some motor and physical milestones than European-descended ones. For example, black babies in the U.S. are often born slightly earlier (shorter gestation) and at slightly lower birth weights than white babies, yet they mature more rapidly postnatally.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20race%20differences,in%20blacks%20than%20in%20whites]]{{/footnote}} Studies (and anecdotal observations) have found that black infants tend to hold their heads up, sit, crawl, and walk a bit earlier than white infants of the same age – a pattern also reported in some African populations.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20race%20differences,in%20blacks%20than%20in%20whites]]{{/footnote}} One extreme case is the Efe pygmies, among whom babies have been observed to walk as early as 6 months, roughly twice as fast as the typical European infant timeline (12 months).{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=On%20the%20subject%20of%20size%2C,quickly%20than%20any%20human%20group]]{{/footnote}} Black children also enter puberty earlier, on average, than whites: in the U.S., African-American girls begin breast development and menstruation about 1–2 years earlier than European-American girls, and similarly boys show earlier genital development.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Blacks%20have%20more%20lean%20body,years%20sooner%20than%20white%20children]]{{/footnote}} By around age 12, many black youths are biologically more mature (in bone growth and muscle mass) than their white peers.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Blacks%20have%20more%20lean%20body,years%20sooner%20than%20white%20children]]{{/footnote}} East Asians, in contrast, tend to be slightly later in maturation than Europeans (on average), continuing the pattern of an observed gradient: fast development at one end (Africans) and slowest at the other (East Asians), with Europeans intermediate – a pattern noted by J.P. Rushton and others as part of broader life-history differences. These developmental timing differences have practical implications (for instance, in youth athletics or education) and likely genetic underpinnings. 106 +* Growth and Development: Racial groups differ in rates of growth and maturation.{{footnote}} Rushton, J. Philippe. *“Race, Genetics, and Human Reproductive Strategies.”* Genet. Soc. & Gen. Psych. Monographs 122(1): 21–53 (1996) – (Reviews racial differences in life-history traits like gestation, maturation, reproduction rates). Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8851328/{{/footnote}} On average, African-descended infants and children develop faster on some motor and physical milestones than European-descended ones. For example, black babies in the U.S. are often born slightly earlier (shorter gestation) and at slightly lower birth weights than white babies, yet they mature more rapidly postnatally.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20race%20differences,in%20blacks%20than%20in%20whites]]{{/footnote}} Studies (and anecdotal observations) have found that black infants tend to hold their heads up, sit, crawl, and walk a bit earlier than white infants of the same age – a pattern also reported in some African populations.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20race%20differences,in%20blacks%20than%20in%20whites]]{{/footnote}} One extreme case is the Efe pygmies, among whom babies have been observed to walk as early as 6 months, roughly twice as fast as the typical European infant timeline (12 months).{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=On%20the%20subject%20of%20size%2C,quickly%20than%20any%20human%20group]]{{/footnote}} Black children also enter puberty earlier, on average, than whites: in the U.S., African-American girls begin breast development and menstruation about 1–2 years earlier than European-American girls, and similarly boys show earlier genital development.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Blacks%20have%20more%20lean%20body,years%20sooner%20than%20white%20children]]{{/footnote}} By around age 12, many black youths are biologically more mature (in bone growth and muscle mass) than their white peers.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=Blacks%20have%20more%20lean%20body,years%20sooner%20than%20white%20children]]{{/footnote}} East Asians, in contrast, tend to be slightly later in maturation than Europeans (on average), continuing the pattern of an observed gradient: fast development at one end (Africans) and slowest at the other (East Asians), with Europeans intermediate – a pattern noted by J.P. Rushton and others as part of broader life-history differences. These developmental timing differences have practical implications (for instance, in youth athletics or education) and likely genetic underpinnings. 74 74 75 75 * Brain and Cranial Size: Numerous studies (using methods from endocranial volume of skulls to MRI scans) have found average differences in brain size and cranial capacity among races. The differences are modest and with much overlap, but on average, East Asians have been found to have the largest brain volumes, followed by Europeans, then Africans, in many studies.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=There%20are%20differences%20in%20hormones%2C,have%20many%20consequences%20for%20society]]{{/footnote}} For example, 19th-20th century physical anthropologists like Gould (reanalysing Morton’s skull measurements) and contemporary researchers like Rushton reported such trends in cranial measurements. These differences persist even when controlling for body size. It must be emphasized that brain size is only one factor among many in cognition (and there is debate about its significance), but the point here is that consistent anatomical differences in brain morphology have been observed. They align with the idea that human populations followed slightly different evolutionary paths, possibly due to climate (larger brains may help in cold climates for thermoregulation) or other selective pressures. Neuroscientist Michael Woodley notes that human groups can even be considered “phylogenetic species” under one definition – meaning the smallest discernible lineage clusters exist below the species level, though all humans remain one biological species in the sense of interbreeding capacity.{{footnote}}Michael A. Woodley, *“Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications,”* Medical Hypotheses 74: 195–201 (2009). Available at: [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=taxonomic%20classification%20is%20considered%20where,the%20level%20of%20biological%20species]]{{/footnote}} 76 76 ... ... @@ -137,39 +137,22 @@ 137 137 138 138 None of this is to deny the *social* reality of race – of course, cultural notions of race have changed and often been misused. But biologically, race is not a myth. As one geneticist wrote, “the genome challenges the social construction of race” by showing that genetic clusters consistent with racial classifications do indeed exist.{{footnote}}Anonymous, "Race is biologically non-existent — I’m not making it up," *Tumblr Blog*, 2014. Available at: [[https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=The%20Genomic%20Challenge%20to%20the,Social%20Construction%20of%20Race]]{{/footnote}}{{footnote}}Anonymous, "Race is biologically non-existent — I’m not making it up," *Tumblr Blog*, 2014. Available at: [[https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=synthesis%20that%20accepts%20the%20existence,emerging%20model%20for%20understanding%20biosocial]]{{/footnote}} In the end, it’s more scientifically sound and beneficial to appreciate human racial diversity for what it is – an integral part of our species’ natural heritage. Embracing this understanding, while rejecting racist prejudices, leads to a more honest and useful discourse. The biological concept of race, properly defined and contextualized, remains a robust framework in human biology and medicine, supported by countless empirical findings. Far from being “disproven,” the existence of human races is continually reinforced by modern research across genetics, anthropology, and epidemiology. 139 139 173 +Claiming that race is purely a social construct is done purely as an attempt to delegitimize Nationalism and attack the concept of racial preservation. 174 +\\[[image:1750305915924-792.png]] 140 140 141 -**Sources:** 142 142 143 - *Woodley, Michael A. *“Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications.”* **Medical Hypotheses** 74: 195–201 (2009) – (ArguesH. sapiens meets criteriafor subspecies; high human F\_ST andtrait divergence).177 +== Further Reading: == 144 144 145 - *AmericanRenaissance(Oct. 1999 issue), Jared Taylor, *“The Biological Reality of Race.”* (Overview of racial differences in genetics, bone density, growth, etc., with examples).179 +== == 146 146 147 - * RedCross Blood Services,*“AfricanAmericanBloodDonors”*(2025) – (Notessomebloodantigensare uniqueto certaincial/ethnic groupsnd theimportancecestry-matched blood forsickle cellpatients).181 +[[The races of man : an outline of anthropology and ethnography / by J. Deniker>>https://archive.org/details/deniofmanoutlinraces00rich/page/320/mode/2up]] 148 148 149 - *Tang, Huaetal.*“Geneticstructure,self-identifiedrace/ethnicity,andconfounding in case-control association studies.”* **American Journal of Human Genetics** 76(2): 268–275 (2005) – (Found thatgenetic clusterscorrespond 99.86% with self-identified race ina USsample).183 +[[The Racial Elements Of European History>>https://archive.org/details/racialelementsof035485mbp/mode/2up]] 150 150 151 - * Sesardić,Neven. *“Race:A Social Destructionof a Biological Concept.”* **Biology & Philosophy**25(2): 143–162 (2010) – (Defendsthe biologicalraceconcept against constructivistcritiques; notes Lewontin’sfallacy and moderngenetic evidence).185 +[[~[Home/Contents~]~[email~] Race, genetics, and human reproductive strategies>>https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035025/http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_rghrs.html]] 152 152 153 - *Edwards,A.W\.F.*“Human geneticdiversity: Lewontin’sfallacy.”* **BioEssays**25: 798–801 (2003) – (Explains why high within-racevariation doesn’t negatebilitytoclassifyraces by genes;importance ofcorrelationstructure).187 +[[The Reality of Racial Differences>>https://web.archive.org/web/20080309141821/http://inverted-world.com/index.php/articles/articles/the_reality_of_racial_differences/]] 154 154 155 -* Günther, Hans F.K.*The Racial Elementsof European History.* (trans. 1927) – (Historical anthropological text describing physical characteristics of European races).189 +**Sources:** 156 156 157 -* Thomas, R.M. et al. *“Accuracy Rates of Ancestry Estimation by Forensic Anthropologists.”* **J. Forensic Sci.** 62(4): 971–974 (2017) – (Found \91% accuracy in determining ancestry from skeletal remains in casework). 158 - 159 -* Wade, Nicholas. *“Forensic anthropologists can identify a person’s race from a skull.”* **Science** (2002) – (Reporting that skull measurements can predict continental ancestry with high accuracy). 160 - 161 -* U.S. Surgeon General’s remarks on infant mortality disparity (circa 2000) as cited by American Renaissance. 162 - 163 -* Rosenberg, Noah et al. *“Genetic Structure of Human Populations.”* **Science** 298: 2381–2385 (2002) – (Used 377 microsatellites to find clustering into 5 continental groups). 164 - 165 -* Red Cross, *“How Do Race and Ethnicity Affect Blood?”* – (Explains that certain blood antigen profiles are race-specific). 166 - 167 -* Examples of climate adaptations in humans (textbook sources on Bergmann’s rule, Allen’s rule in human populations). 168 - 169 -* Shiao, Jiannbin et al. *“The genomic challenge to the social construction of race.”* **Sociological Theory** 30(2): 67–88 (2012) – (Proposes concept of “clinal classes” acknowledging genetic clusters consistent with race). 170 - 171 -* Rushton, J. Philippe. *“Race, Genetics, and Human Reproductive Strategies.”* **Genet. Soc. & Gen. Psych. Monographs** 122(1): 21–53 (1996) – (Reviews racial differences in life-history traits like gestation, maturation, reproduction rates). 172 - 173 -* Coyne, Jerry. “Once again: are ‘races’ social constructs without biological meaning?” *Why Evolution Is True* blog, July 19, 2022 – (Summarizes evidence for biological races and criticizes claims that race has no genetic basis). 174 - 175 175 {{putFootnotes/}}
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