Changes for page The Existence of Race

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20	20	## Definition and Taxonomic Context of Race##
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22		-In biology, a species may be monotypic (no distinct subspecies) or polytypic (composed of multiple subspecies or races). The term “race” is a traditional synonym for subspecies./foot Humans ( *Homo sapiens* ) are *often* said to be monotypic (no subspecies), with “races” claimed to be social constructs without biological basis. However, many scientists argue that humans are in fact a polytypic species, exhibiting multiple distinct lineages or races, much like other widespread mammalian species.
	22	+In biology, a species may be monotypic (no distinct subspecies) or polytypic (composed of multiple subspecies or races). The term “race” is a traditional synonym for subspecies.{{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=The%20term%20race%20is%20a,sapiens{{/footnote}} Humans ( *Homo sapiens* ) are *often* said to be monotypic (no subspecies), with “races” claimed to be social constructs without biological basis. However, many scientists argue that humans are in fact a polytypic species, exhibiting multiple distinct lineages or races, much like other widespread mammalian species.{{footnote}} https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=height%2C%20weight%2C%20strength%2C%20intelligence%2C%20and,called%20varieties%2C%20subspecies%2C%20or%20races{{/footnote}} {{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=The%20term%20race%20is%20a,sapiens{{/footnote}}
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24		-Biologists historically defined subspecies as populations with distinct trait clusters and genetic differentiation. Recent research supports that human populations meet several scientific criteria for subspecies. For example, one 2009 analysis noted that *Homo sapiens* has \*\*high levels of morphological diversity, genetic heterozygosity, and between-group genetic differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub>) compared to many animal species that are acknowledged to be polytypic (having subspecies). In other words, the extent of differences among human groups is as large as or larger than that seen between subspecies in other species.
	24	+Biologists historically defined subspecies as populations with distinct trait clusters and genetic differentiation. Recent research supports that human populations meet several scientific criteria for subspecies. For example, one 2009 analysis noted that *Homo sapiens* has \*\*high levels of morphological diversity, genetic heterozygosity, and between-group genetic differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub>) compared to many animal species that are acknowledged to be polytypic (having subspecies).{{footnote}} https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=of%20the%20framework%20of%20race,of%20potential%20human%20phylogenetic%20species{{/footnote}} In other words, the extent of differences among human groups is as large as or larger than that seen between subspecies in other species./foot
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26	26	Historically, physical anthropologists identified numerous human races based on clusters of inherited physical traits. Joseph Deniker (1900) and Hans F. K. Günther (1927), for instance, catalogued various races (or “racial elements”) in Europe and worldwide, distinguished by traits like skull shape, stature, facial form, hair texture, and pigmentation. Such early classifications recognized, for example, a “Nordic race” in Northwest Europe – characterized by *tall stature, long heads (dolichocephalic), narrow faces, and light pigmentation* – versus a “Dinaric race” in the central European Alps with *shorter, broad skulls (brachycephalic) and broader faces*. The fact that even pre-genetic era scientists could reliably identify geographically distinct human types underscores that human variation is non-random and structured, consistent with the existence of races.
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