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Changes for page The Existence of Race

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1 -Race is a social construct.
2 -\\By this standard everything is a social construct, oh you call your bone/meat things connected to your arms "hands", contrary to "hooves" or "paws", not like you can see any difference between them now can you? they are just social constructs you see an actual social construct are things like philosophy, mathematics, religion, the concept of value in worthless paper money etc names for real things are made up by humans ofc, it's not like some god came down and gave us the actual metaphysical "real" name for these things all taxonomical classifications is made up, hopefully to convey some meaning as all words of value do if the words are not used to differentiate between things then what use are they? the fact that you can tell differences in groups based solely on their physical traits already fits into taxonomy, you do understand that at the time of Carl von Linné taxonomy was done by eye only? right? the small differences used to claim different birds or what have you are different species or subspecies was entirely done by differentiating physical differences like colors or feather/fur length (not even bone structure) Race is real, it can easily be discerned even by children your kind like to play word games making a jumble out of everything in hopes of confusing reality to such an extent that nothing makes sense anymore
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5 -[[https:~~/~~/archive.org/details/deniofmanoutlinraces00rich/page/320/mode/2up>>https://archive.org/details/deniofmanoutlinraces00rich/page/320/mode/2up]]
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7 -[[https:~~/~~/archive.org/details/racialelementsof035485mbp/mode/2up>>https://archive.org/details/racialelementsof035485mbp/mode/2up]]
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9 -[[https:~~/~~/www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#cover>>https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#cover]]
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11 -[[https:~~/~~/web.archive.org/web/20120204035025/http:~~/~~/www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_rghrs.html>>https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035025/http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_rghrs.html]]
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13 -[[https:~~/~~/web.archive.org/web/20080309141821/http:~~/~~/inverted-world.com/index.php/articles/articles/the_reality_of_racial_differences/>>https://web.archive.org/web/20080309141821/http://inverted-world.com/index.php/articles/articles/the_reality_of_racial_differences/]]
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16 16  = Existence of Biological Races in Humans =
17 17  
18 -Race (in biological context) refers to distinct population subgroups within a species – essentially synonymous with the term “subspecies” or “variety” in taxonomy.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=I should first explain my,thought to be separate species]]{{/footnote}} The question of whether human races exist biologically has been debated, but a substantial body of scientific evidence indicates that human populations are not all identical, and that meaningful biological differences and clusters exist among groups of common ancestry. This article examines the concept of human race as a biological reality, presenting genetic, morphological, and physiological evidence of human racial differences (beyond just skin color), as well as addressing common misconceptions.
7 +Race (in biological context) refers to distinct population subgroups within a species – essentially synonymous with the term “[[subspecies>>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies]]” or “variety” in taxonomy.{{footnote}}Jared Taylor, "The Biological Reality of Race," *American Renaissance*, October 1999. Available at: [[https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/october-1999/#:~:text=I should first explain my,thought to be separate species]]{{/footnote}} The question of whether human races exist biologically has been debated, but a substantial body of scientific evidence indicates that human populations are not all identical, and that meaningful biological differences and clusters exist among groups of common ancestry. This article examines the concept of human race as a biological reality, presenting genetic, morphological, and physiological evidence of human racial differences (beyond just skin color), as well as addressing common misconceptions.
19 19  
20 20  == Definition and Taxonomic Context of Race ==
21 21  
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25 25  
26 26  Historically, physical anthropologists identified numerous human races based on clusters of inherited physical traits. Joseph Deniker (1900) and Hans F. K. Günther (1927), for instance, catalogued various races (or “racial elements”) in Europe and worldwide, distinguished by traits like skull shape, stature, facial form, hair texture, and pigmentation.{{footnote}}Hans F. K. Günther, *The Racial Elements of European History*, 1927. Available at: [[https://archive.org/stream/racialelementsof035485mbp/racialelementsof035485mbp_djvu.txt#:~:text=one%20or%20the%20other%20race,over%20the%20nape%20of%20the]]{{/footnote}} Such early classifications recognized, for example, a “Nordic race” in Northwest Europe – characterized by *tall stature, long heads (dolichocephalic), narrow faces, and light pigmentation* – versus a “Dinaric race” in the central European Alps with *shorter, broad skulls (brachycephalic) and broader faces*.{{footnote}}Hans F. K. Günther, *The Racial Elements of European History*, 1927. Available at: [[https://archive.org/stream/racialelementsof035485mbp/racialelementsof035485mbp_djvu.txt#:~:text=one%20or%20the%20other%20race,over%20the%20nape%20of%20the]]{{/footnote}} The fact that even pre-genetic era scientists could reliably identify geographically distinct human types underscores that human variation is non-random and structured, consistent with the existence of races.
27 27  
17 +== Neanderthal Admixture and Its Implications for Human Racial Classification ==
18 +
19 +The taxonomic status of Neanderthals has long been debated, traditionally classified as a distinct species, *Homo neanderthalensis*, based on notable morphological differences from modern humans (*Homo sapiens*). These differences include a more robust skeletal build, larger cranial capacity, pronounced brow ridges, and distinct facial features. However, advances in ancient DNA sequencing and paleogenetics have complicated this view by revealing evidence of gene flow between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.
20 +
21 +=== Morphological Distinctions ===
22 +
23 +Neanderthals are characterized by several skeletal features that distinguish them from modern humans: they have larger, elongated cranial vaults with a projecting midface, prominent supraorbital ridges (brow ridges), wider noses with larger nasal cavities, shorter and stockier limbs adapted for cold climates, and an overall robust skeletal morphology. While these traits are significant, many overlap with the range of variation found within some modern human populations, particularly among archaic or robust groups, making strict morphological delineation challenging.{{footnote}}Green, Richard E., et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome," *Science* 328(5979): 710–722 (2010). Available at: [[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1188021]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Prüfer, Kay, et al., "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains," *Nature* 505: 43–49 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12886]]{{/footnote}}
24 +
25 +=== Genetic Evidence and Interbreeding ===
26 +
27 +Genomic analyses have established that non-African modern humans possess approximately 1–4% Neanderthal-derived DNA, indicating that interbreeding occurred after modern humans migrated out of Africa around 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.{{footnote}}Green, Richard E., et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome," *Science* 328(5979): 710–722 (2010). Available at: [[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1188021]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Reich, David, et al., "Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania," *American Journal of Human Genetics* 89(4): 516–528 (2011). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(11)00364-2]]{{/footnote}} This gene flow indicates reproductive compatibility, producing fertile offspring, which aligns with the biological species concept where species boundaries are defined by reproductive isolation. Consequently, many researchers argue that Neanderthals may be more accurately considered a subspecies or regional population within a broader *Homo sapiens* species complex rather than a completely separate species.{{footnote}}Pääbo, Svante, "The human condition—a molecular approach," *Cell* 157(1): 216–226 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00267-2]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Coyne, Jerry A. and H. Allen Orr, *Speciation*, Sinauer Associates, 2004.{{/footnote}}
28 +
29 +=== Implications for Racial Classification ===
30 +
31 +The Neanderthal-modern human admixture case provides an instructive analogy for modern human racial classification. It demonstrates how gene flow and admixture can blur subspecies or species boundaries. Prior to interbreeding, Neanderthals possessed unique alleles absent in *Homo sapiens*; however, these alleles entered the modern human gene pool through hybridization, eroding strict genetic distinctions. Similarly, human races differ largely in allele frequencies rather than possessing exclusive alleles. Morphological differences between races also overlap continuously without discrete boundaries.
32 +
33 +Importantly, the timeline of divergence is key: Neanderthals diverged from modern humans hundreds of thousands of years ago and were largely isolated until admixture events, whereas modern racial groups diverged more recently (tens of thousands of years ago) with ongoing gene flow. Classification decisions—whether based on reproductive isolation, genetic differentiation, or morphology—are inherently human constructs reflecting chosen criteria.
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35 +Thus, the Neanderthal case supports viewing modern races as meaningful biological clusters within one species, acknowledging partial reproductive isolation and allele frequency differences but no fully unique, fixed genetic boundaries. The blurring of Neanderthal distinctiveness through admixture parallels the fluidity and fuzziness of racial boundaries within *Homo sapiens*.{{footnote}}Sankararaman, Sriram, et al., "The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans," *Nature* 507: 354–357 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12961]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Vernot, Benjamin and Joshua M. Akey, "Resurrecting surviving Neandertal lineages from modern human genomes," *Science* 343(6174): 1017–1021 (2014). Available at: [[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6174/1017]]{{/footnote}}
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28 28  == Genetic Evidence for Human Races ==
29 29  
30 30  With the advent of genetics, researchers can directly examine human population structure. Modern genomic studies have repeatedly found that human genetic variation is not a homogeneous blur, but rather clusters into discernible groups corresponding to traditional racial categories and geographic ancestry.{{footnote}}Jerry Coyne, "Once again: are 'races' social constructs without biological meaning?" *Why Evolution Is True* blog, July 19, 2022. Available at: [[https://whyevolutionistrue.com/2022/07/19/once-again-are-races-social-constructs-without-scientific-or-biological-meaning/#:~:text=,And%20Me%20stay%20in%20business]]{{/footnote}} Notably, in a landmark analysis of over 3,600 individuals from around the world, genetic clustering algorithms could sort people into distinct groups (clusters) that correspond almost perfectly to self-identified race/ethnicity. In that study, *over 99%* of individuals were genetically classified into the same group as their self-declared race (only 5 out of 3,636 were exceptions). Such findings directly refute the notion that race is purely arbitrary; instead, they show that an individual’s continental ancestry can be determined from DNA with over 99% accuracy in these samples.{{footnote}}Tang, Hua et al. *“Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies.”* American Journal of Human Genetics 76(2): 268–275 (2005) – (Found that genetic clusters correspond 99.86% with self-identified race in a US sample). Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707625786{{/footnote}}
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138 138  None of this is to deny the *social* reality of race – of course, cultural notions of race have changed and often been misused. But biologically, race is not a myth. As one geneticist wrote, “the genome challenges the social construction of race” by showing that genetic clusters consistent with racial classifications do indeed exist.{{footnote}}Anonymous, "Race is biologically non-existent — I’m not making it up," *Tumblr Blog*, 2014. Available at: [[https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=The%20Genomic%20Challenge%20to%20the,Social%20Construction%20of%20Race]]{{/footnote}}{{footnote}}Anonymous, "Race is biologically non-existent — I’m not making it up," *Tumblr Blog*, 2014. Available at: [[https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=synthesis%20that%20accepts%20the%20existence,emerging%20model%20for%20understanding%20biosocial]]{{/footnote}} In the end, it’s more scientifically sound and beneficial to appreciate human racial diversity for what it is – an integral part of our species’ natural heritage. Embracing this understanding, while rejecting racist prejudices, leads to a more honest and useful discourse. The biological concept of race, properly defined and contextualized, remains a robust framework in human biology and medicine, supported by countless empirical findings. Far from being “disproven,” the existence of human races is continually reinforced by modern research across genetics, anthropology, and epidemiology.
139 139  
140 140  Claiming that race is purely a social construct is done purely as an attempt to delegitimize Nationalism and attack the concept of racial preservation. 
141 -\\By this standard everything is a social construct, oh you call your bone/meat things connected to your arms "hands", contrary to "hooves" or "paws", not like you can see any difference between them now can you? they are just social constructs. Ygou see an actual social construct are things like philosophy, mathematics, religion, the concept of value in worthless paper money etc names for real things are made up by humans ofc, it's not like some god came down and gave us the actual metaphysical "real" name for these things all taxonomical classifications is made up, hopefully to convey some meaning as all words of value do if the words are not used to differentiate between things then what use are they? the fact that you can tell differences in groups based solely on their physical traits already fits into taxonomy, you do understand that at the time of Carl von Linné taxonomy was done by eye only? right? the small differences used to claim different birds or what have you are different species or subspecies was entirely done by differentiating physical differences like colors or feather/fur length (not even bone structure) Race is real, it can easily be discerned even by children your kind like to play word games making a jumble out of everything in hopes of confusing reality to such an extent that nothing makes sense anymore
152 +\\[[image:1750305915924-792.png]]
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143 143  
155 +== Further Reading: ==
156 +
157 +== ==
158 +
159 +[[The races of man : an outline of anthropology and ethnography / by J. Deniker>>https://archive.org/details/deniofmanoutlinraces00rich/page/320/mode/2up]]
160 +
161 +[[The Racial Elements Of European History>>https://archive.org/details/racialelementsof035485mbp/mode/2up]]
162 +
163 +[[~[Home/Contents~]~[email~] Race, genetics, and human reproductive strategies>>https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035025/http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/jpr_rghrs.html]]
164 +
165 +[[The Reality of Racial Differences>>https://web.archive.org/web/20080309141821/http://inverted-world.com/index.php/articles/articles/the_reality_of_racial_differences/]]
166 +
144 144  **Sources:**
145 145  
146 146  {{putFootnotes/}}