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Changes for page Sentencing Disparities

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/04/24 02:46
From version 14.1
edited by Ryan C
on 2025/04/24 02:36
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To version 15.1
edited by Ryan C
on 2025/04/24 02:46
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

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40 40  
41 41  == Post-Arrest Behavior and Rehabilitation Efforts ==
42 42  
43 -1. **Case Study: Drug Court Outcomes**:
43 +1. Case Study: Drug Court Outcomes
44 +* Blacks have been shown to have lower rates of completion in drug court.{{footnote reference="3"}}Roman, J., et al. “Recidivism Rates for Drug Court Graduates: Nationally Based Estimates, Final Report.” US Department of Justice, 2003. [[PDF>>https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/201229.pdf]]{{/footnote}}
45 +* Whites have lower rates of recidivism than non-Black minorities, and Blacks have higher recidivism rates than non-Black minorities.{{footnote reference="4"}}Schiff, M., & Terry, C. (1997). “Predicting graduation from Broward County’s dedicated drug treatment court.” *Justice System Journal*, 19, 291–310. [[Sci-Hub>>https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.1080/23277556.1997.10871265]]{{/footnote}}
44 44  
45 -1.
46 -1*. Blacks have been shown to have lower rates of completion in drug court.{{footnote}}Roman, J., et al. “Recidivism Rates for Drug Court Graduates: Nationally Based Estimates, Final Report.” US Department of Justice, 2003. [[Department of Justice>>https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/201229.pdf]]{{/footnote}}
47 -1*. Whites have lower rates of recidivism than non-Black minorities, and Blacks have higher recidivism rates than non-Black minorities {{footnote}}Schiff, M., & Terry, C. (1997). “Predicting graduation from Broward County’s dedicated drug treatment court.” //Justice System Journal//, 19, 291–292, 310. Accessible via [[Sci-Hub>>https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.1080/23277556.1997.10871265]].{{/footnote}}
48 -1. **Voluntary Actions Influence Sentencing**:
47 +2. Voluntary Actions Influence Sentencing
48 +* Judges heavily weigh voluntary rehabilitation efforts (e.g., attending rehab, writing sincere apologies, and demonstrating compliance).{{footnote reference="5"}}Criminal-Justice.iResearchNet. “Factors Influencing Sentencing Decisions.” [[Link>>https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminal-justice-process/sentencing-and-punishment/factors-influencing-sentencing-decisions]]{{/footnote}}
49 +* Defendants who actively participate in drug testing, attend counseling, and show respect in court receive lighter sentences.
49 49  
50 -1.
51 -1*. Judges heavily weigh voluntary rehabilitation efforts (e.g., attending rehab, writing sincere apologies, and demonstrating compliance).{{footnote}}Criminal Justice Researchinet article and sources available at [[criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com>>https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminal-justice-process/sentencing-and-punishment/factors-influencing-sentencing-decisions/?utm_source=chatgpt.com]]{{/footnote}}
52 -1*. Defendants who actively participate in drug testing, attend counseling, and show respect in court receive lighter sentences.
53 -1. **Conclusion**:
54 -
55 -1.
56 -1*. Sentencing outcomes are shaped by individual behavior post-arrest. Racial disparities arise not from systemic racism but from differences in voluntary actions and opportunities.
57 -
58 58  ----
59 59  
60 -=== **3. Probation Violation Rates and Non-Compliance** ===
53 +=== Probation Violation Rates and Non-Compliance ===
61 61  
62 -1. **Revocation Rates**:
55 +1. Revocation Rates
56 +* In Iowa, Black probationers had a **32 %** revocation rate, compared to **18 %** for Whites.{{footnote reference="6"}}Jannetta, J., et al. (2014). “Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation.” [[Urban Institute>>https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/22746/413174-Examining-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparities-in-Probation-Revocation.PDF]]{{/footnote}}
57 +* Non-compliance with probation terms (e.g., missed meetings or technical violations) heavily influences revocation.
63 63  
64 -1.
65 -1*. Black probationers have significantly higher revocation rates than White probationers:
66 -1**. In Iowa, Black probationers had a **32% revocation rate**, compared to **18% for Whites**{{footnote}}Jannetta, J., et al. (2014) Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation[[Summary Findings and Implications from a Multisite Study>>https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/22746/413174-Examining-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparities-in-Probation-Revocation.PDF]]{{/footnote}}
67 -1*. Non-compliance with probation terms (e.g., missed meetings or technical violations) heavily influences revocation.
68 -1. **Factors Influencing Violations**:
59 +2. Factors Influencing Violations
60 +* Probationers with limited resources often struggle to meet probation requirements (e.g., paying fees or attending mandated appointments).
69 69  
70 -1.
71 -1*. Probationers with limited resources often struggle to meet probation requirements (e.g., paying fees or attending mandated appointments).
72 -1. **Conclusion**:
73 -
74 -1.
75 -1*. Disparities in probation outcomes are more likely tied to behavioral differences and structural barriers than racial bias within the system.
76 -
77 77  ----
78 78  
79 79  == Gender Disparities in Sentencing ==
80 80  
81 -1. **Key Findings**:
66 +1. Key Findings
67 +* Women receive shorter sentences than men for equivalent offenses:
68 +** Female offenders’ sentences are, on average, **28–30 %** shorter across racial groups.{{footnote reference="7"}}Department of Justice. *Defense Counsel in Criminal Cases*. Bureau of Justice Statistics. [[PDF>>https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/dccc.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com]]{{/footnote}}
69 +** Judges view women as less culpable and more rehabilitative, prioritizing family or caregiving roles over punishment.
82 82  
83 -1.
84 -1*. Women receive shorter sentences than men for equivalent offenses:
85 -1**. Female offenders’ sentences are, on average, **28-30% shorter** across racial groups.{{footnote}}Department of Justice Report [[Defense Counsel in Criminal Cases>>https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/dccc.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com]]{{/footnote}}
86 -1*. Judges view women as less culpable and more rehabilitative, prioritizing family or caregiving roles over punishment.
87 -1. **Conclusion**:
71 +2. Conclusion
72 +* The justice system shows leniency based on perceived societal roles. This reveals that disparities in sentencing can reflect broader biases unrelated to systemic racism.
88 88  
89 -1.
90 -1*. The justice system shows leniency based on perceived societal roles. This reveals that disparities in sentencing are not always about race and can reflect broader biases unrelated to systemic racism.
91 -
92 92  ----
93 93  
94 94  == Treatment Completion Rates ==
95 95  
96 -1. **Substance Abuse Treatment Completion**:
78 +1. Substance Abuse Treatment Completion
79 +* In this study, the authors explored disparities in outpatient treatment completion rates for minorities.{{footnote reference="8"}}Arndt, S., et al. “How the states stack up: Disparities in substance abuse outpatient treatment completion rates for minorities.” *Drug and Alcohol Dependence*. [[ScienceDirect>>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871613001105]]{{/footnote}}
97 97  
98 -In this study{{footnote}}Arndt S, et al. ’How the states stack up: Disparities in substance abuse outpatient treatment completion rates for minorities[[Drug and Alcohol Dependence>>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871613001105]]{{/footnote}}, the authors explored disparities in outpatient treatment completion rates.
99 -
100 -
101 101  ----
102 102  
103 -== **6. Systemic Arguments Are Circular** ==
83 +== Systemic Arguments Are Circular ==
104 104  
105 -1. **Key Critique**:
85 +1. Key Critique
86 +* Systemic racism narratives often rely on circular reasoning:
87 +** Higher rates of substance abuse, poverty, and criminal activity are attributed to systemic inequities.
88 +** These inequities are then blamed for harsher sentencing outcomes without addressing the behaviors that drive them.
106 106  
107 -1.
108 -1*. Systemic racism narratives often rely on circular reasoning:
109 -1**. Higher rates of substance abuse, poverty, and criminal activity are attributed to systemic inequities.
110 -1**. These inequities are then blamed for harsher sentencing outcomes without addressing the behaviors and choices that directly affect sentencing.
111 -1. **Logical Flaws**:
90 +2. Logical Flaws
91 +* This reasoning ignores how disparities can emerge naturally from socioeconomic differences, individual behavior, and judicial discretion without requiring systemic bias.
112 112  
113 -1.
114 -1*. This reasoning ignores how disparities can emerge naturally from socioeconomic differences, individual behavior, and judicial discretion without requiring systemic bias.
115 -
116 116  ----
117 117  
118 -== **Conclusion** ==
95 +== Conclusion ==
119 119  
120 -Sentencing disparities are better explained by individual actions, socioeconomic realities, and systemic constraints than by systemic racism. Wealth disparities, voluntary behavior, and program compliance play a much larger role in shaping outcomes. By addressing these underlying issues—rather than assuming racism as the primary cause—the justice system can move toward more effective and equitable solutions.
97 +Sentencing disparities are better explained by individual actions, socioeconomic realities, and procedural factors than by systemic racism. By addressing underlying issues—wealth gaps, rehabilitation access, and compliance barriers—the justice system can move toward truly equitable solutions.
121 121  
122 -
123 123  ----
124 124  
101 +
125 125  1. **Data Sources**:
126 126  
127 127  {{putFootnotes/}}