Changes for page Do Blacks use drugs at the same rate as Whites?

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5	5	These studies get a large sample, and then ask the respondent if they have ever used drugs recently. From there, they usually compare drug use by race to arrest rates for drug offenses by race. So the first part (asking about drug use) is based on self-reported data. First and foremost, it is true that studies have found that blacks and whites use drugs at similar rates, or that blacks have higher or slightly lower drug use than whites, but blacks are arrested more often for drug offenses. For example, [[Johnston et al. (2002)>>https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/137799]] {{footnote}} https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/137799{{/footnote}}looked 43,700 students and gave them a questionnaire that asks about their drug use. According to Johnston et al., “//Use also tends to be much higher among White students than among African American or Hispanic students//” (p. 6). [[Schanzenbach et al. (2016)>>https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/thp_20161020_twelve_facts_incarceration_prisoner_reentry.pdf]] {{footnote}}https://www.brookings.edu/articles/twelve-facts-about-incarceration-and-prisoner-reentry/{{/footnote}}reported that whites have a higher rate of drug use, as can be seen in the chart below, but black are arrested at higher rates.
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9	9	Using data from SAMHSA, the ACLU reported that blacks report slightly higher cannabis use in the past month and past year, but whites report higher lifetime usage (50.7% for whites compared to 42.4% for blacks). Even though whites seem to use cannabis at higher rates overall, blacks are still arrested at higher rates for drug use [[(Edwards et al. 2020)>>https://www.aclu.org/report/tale-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-era-marijuana-reform]]. {{footnote}} https://www.aclu.org/publications/tale-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-era-marijuana-reform{{/footnote}} [[Human Rights Watch (2009)>>https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/02/decades-disparity/drug-arrests-and-race-united-states#]] {{footnote}} https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/02/decades-disparity/drug-arrests-and-race-united-states{{/footnote}} remarked that blacks are more likely to be arrested for drug offenses, but this can not be pinned onto higher drug use among blacks since blacks and whites use drugs at similar rates [[(Gorvin 2008)>>https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/us0508/]] {{footnote}} https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/05/05/targeting-blacks/drug-law-enforcement-and-race-united-states{{/footnote}} [[Edwards et al. (2003)>>https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/1114413-mj-report-rfs-rel1.pdf]] {{footnote}} https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/1114413-mj-report-rfs-rel1.pdf{{/footnote}} found similar results as the above 2020 revised report, and they offer a chart which seems be used quite often when discussing this issue:
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13	13	Utilizing a probability-based sample of 4,580 college students who completed an online questionnaire, [[McCabe et al. (2007)>>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377408/]] {{footnote}} https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377408/{{/footnote}} found that Hispanic and white students reported higher drug use in college and before entering college when compared to blacks and Asians. The evidence seems quite clear, and to some only a fool would deny this as many analysis have found blacks to be more likely to be arrested for drug use even though nationwide data shows similar rates of drug use (see [[Owusu-Bempah and Luscombe 2020>>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33011019/]] {{footnote}} https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33011019/{{/footnote}}; [[Hughes 2020>>https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Albany-police-s-marijuana-enforcement-continues-15438317.php]] {{footnote}} https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Albany-police-s-marijuana-enforcement-continues-15438317.php{{/footnote}}; [[SPLC 2018>>https://www.splcenter.org/20181018/alabamas-war-marijuana#fiscal-cost]] {{footnote}} https://www.splcenter.org/20181018/alabamas-war-marijuana#fiscal-cost{{/footnote}}; see the report by the [[Justice Policy Institute>>http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/vortex.pdf]] {{footnote}}https://web.archive.org/web/20200710144922/http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/vortex.pdf{{/footnote}}, too). Many commentators, like the Youtube political commentator [[Vaush>>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ido70LgXsEhxcnyXE7RVS0wYJZc6aeVTpujCUPQgTrE/mobilebasic]] {{footnote}} https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ido70LgXsEhxcnyXE7RVS0wYJZc6aeVTpujCUPQgTrE/mobilebasic{{/footnote}} and the political pundit Van Jones (in [[Emery 2016>>https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jul/13/van-jones/van-jones-claim-drug-use-imprisonment-rates-blacks/]] {{footnote}} https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jul/13/van-jones/van-jones-claim-drug-use-imprisonment-rates-blacks/{{/footnote}}), have echoed these findings as proof of systemic racism in the criminal justice system.
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17	17	Dealing with the first line of counter-evidence, criminologists have found that blacks are more likely to underreport their actual crime rates when asked. According to [[Cernkovich, Giordano, and Rudolph (2000: 143)>>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022427800037002001]] {{footnote}} https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022427800037002001{{/footnote}}, there is “//evidence that black males’ self-reports of delinquency are less valid than the reports of other groups: Black males underreport involvement at every level of delinquency, especially at the high end of the continuum//.” [[Hindelang, Hirschi, and Weis (1981)>>https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=79068]] {{footnote}} https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=79068{{/footnote}} report that self-reports are less valid for groups like blacks, with similar findings being remarked by [[Huizinga and Elliott (1986)>>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01064258]] {{footnote}} https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01064258{{/footnote}}. Due to this, there is no reason to assume that blacks are being honest about their drug use. Although this is for crime in general, the same is true for drug use specifically. [[Page et al. (2009)>>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826087709027235]] {{footnote}} https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826087709027235{{/footnote}} did a urinalysis tests and asked the people in their study if they have used drugs recently.
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21	21	After running a linear model, it was found that non-whites were more likely to say they have not used drugs recently when they in fact did. [[Falck et al. (1992)>>https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/aids/21/]] {{footnote}} https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/aids/21/{{/footnote}} looked at 95 drug users and had them do a urine test after asking them if they had used drugs recently. In [[**Table 3**>>https://raceandconflicts.home.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/table-3.png?w=591]]
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23	23	they found that blacks were more likely to falsify their self-reports on opiate and cocaine use, as seen in the table below.
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27	27	[[Feucht, Stephens, and Walker (1994)>>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204269402400106]] {{footnote}} https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204269402400106{{/footnote}} looked at 88 juvenile arrestees and had them do a hair test and urine analysis. In their urine analysis, blacks were more likely to lie about not using cocaine when they in fact did, as argued by Feucht and his colleagues when they said that “//However, the higher rate of urinalysis cocaine-positive results for black arrestees suggests that the higher hair assay levels may actually indicate greater use of cocaine among the black arrestees in the sample//.” Looking at marijuana, [[Fedrich and Johnson (2005)>>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455900/pdf/11524_2006_Article_433.pdf]] {{footnote}} https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3455900/pdf/11524_2006_Article_433.pdf{{/footnote}} found a lower concordance rate within blacks, with the same being true for cocaine use. Other studies have also found that blacks and non-whites are more likely to report lower drug use, even though testing them shows that they’re lying (see [[Miyong, Hill, and Martha 2003>>http://www.readabstracts.com/Sociology-and-social-work/Validity-of-self-report-of-illicit-drug-use-in-young-hypertensive-urban-African-American-males.html#b]] {{footnote}} http://www.readabstracts.com/Sociology-and-social-work/Validity-of-self-report-of-illicit-drug-use-in-young-hypertensive-urban-African-American-males.html#b{{/footnote}}; [[Ledgerwood et al. 2008>>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495080/]] {{footnote}} https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495080/{{/footnote}}; [[Fendrich and Xu 1994>>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7960302/]] {{footnote}} https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7960302/{{/footnote}}).
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